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The history of Jajpur dates back to the prehistoric times. The name Jajpur itself a testimony to this. Some scholars attribute it to the word Yajnapura , while others opine that the name originated from Jajatipura Sasanas in Jajpur area. Jajati is also said to have made Jajatipur as his capital and renamed the city as Jajapura. King Jajati, it is said, had organized a great yajna called Daswamedha at this place. For this, he brought 10,000 Brahmins from North India and got them settled in various localities later on.Preceding this event, Jajpur finds mention in ancient Indian mythology texts and the Puranic literatures alike where it is referred to as Viraja and Baitarini Tirtha, one of the most important tirthas of India. The place has also been described in the Kapilasamhita, Brahmanda Purana, Vayu Purana, Brahma Purana, Tantrachintamani, Astapithamahatmaya and Chaitanya Charitamrita. The place holds great significance among the Hindus as it is considered to be one of the Sakti Pithas where the amputated corpse of Sati, the consort of Shiva, fell having been chopped off by Lord Vishnu. Thus jajpur is referred to as Parvati Tirth sometimes. Jajpur has also been mentioned in the Mahabharat where it is started that, at the Viraja in the banks of Baitarini, the Pandava brothers had taken holy dip along with the saint Lomash.Historical anecdotes about the place can however be found only after 7th century A.D with the rise of the Bhaumkaras who ruled over Odisha with Guheswar Patak near Viraja as their Capital.

Earlier Jajpur was a breeding ground for both Buddhism and Jainsim. Accounts from Hieun Tsang in 639 A.D. go on to prove the existence of Puspagiri Vihar in the precincts of Jajpur. Tantrayan sprang upon the decadence of Buddhism towards the 8th century. The Kubija Tantra describes Viraja as the Maheswari of Uddiyan.

A great revival of Brahmanism in India and Odisha happened with the emergence of the imperial Guptas. Royal houses encouraged Brahminism by getting Brahmins en masse from Banaras and other north Indian township and making them settled in their provinces. Accordingly Kings were known to perform yajnas to preserve their strength and reputation. In all probability jajati keshari also performed the Daswamedha yajna under Brahmanical on the banks of the Baitarani river. He is in fact known to have performed a series of different yajnas on the banks of the river.

Virajakshetra is triangular. In each corner we find a Siva temple at equal distance. These are Bileswar, Khiltateswar and Baruneswar. The first two temples have received land grants from king Anangabhimadeva, as is evident from Madalapanji. Beautiful ancient Budhist and jaina images are found in the architectural programme of the temples. The Brahma Purana says that there were one less to one crore Sivalingas in jajpur area, which indicates the religious importance of the place.

King Anangabhimadeva of Ganga dynasty had built a Jagannath temple at jajpur, in imitation of the Jagannath Temple of puri, which was known to have been destroyed by the muslim invaders. Near Daswamedha ghat we find the images of Sapta matruka, namely Chamunda, Varahi, Indrani, Vaisnavi, Sivaduti, Kaumari and Maheswari. They are found seated on a lotus pedestal with their respective mounts.